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Microwaves & RF reports on the latest insights, news, and advancements in the wireless industry, and the microwave and radio-frequency engineering world.
Understanding Mixers and Their Parameters - Microwaves & RF
Jul 8, 2015 · 1. These simple diagrams provide an illustration of frequency conversion. (Courtesy of Marki Microwave) In the tutorial, “Mixer Basics Primer,” Ferenc Marki and Christopher Marki explain, “Two of a mixer’s three ports serve as inputs, while the other port serves as an output port.An ideal mixer produces an output that consists of the sum and difference frequencies of its two input signals.
RF Demystified: What is an RF Attenuator? - Microwaves & RF
Sep 19, 2022 · Configurations include integrated SPDT switches that toggle input and output ports with the attenuating pad and a through line, switched-scaled device designs with transistors or diodes used as switchable resistances, switched-resistor configuration where the resistors can be switched in or out of the circuit, and device-embedded type design with a transistor or a diode as an integral part of ...
What’s the Difference Between RMS and Peak Watts?
Sep 6, 2024 · So, if you’re going to spend your hard cash on a surround-sound speaker, subwoofer, or even an amplifier, you'll need to have basic information on power ratings.This comprehensive guide will help you understand these two values to assist in you assembling a decent sound system.
What’s the Difference Between the Four Stratum Levels?
Mar 8, 2019 · The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a hierarchical protocol divided into “stratum levels” that define the distance from a reference clock timing source. The standard "Synchronization Interface Standards for Digital Networks," first released in 1987 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), lays out all of the official information and requirements for Stratum System Levels.
Block EMI/RFI with Shields and Filters - Microwaves & RF
Aug 30, 2018 · Most shielding-material suppliers provide measured SE values at different frequencies across the usable frequency ranges of their materials. Designers thus can compare the weights and densities of different shielding material solutions with the amount of shielding (typically in dB) that they provide.
The Basics of Radar Technology (Part 1) - Microwaves & RF
Aug 15, 2024 · Where: 𝑃 𝑡 = power transmitted by the radar; 𝐺 𝑡 = gain of the transmitting antenna; 𝐺 𝑟 = gain of the receiving antenna; 𝜎 = radar cross-section (RCS) of the target, which represents the target's reflectivity; 𝜆 = wavelength of the radar signal
6 Types of Resonators Used Across the RF/Microwave Universe
Sep 9, 2015 · Dielectric Resonators. A dielectric resonator can be used to replace resonant cavities in components, such as filters and oscillators. It is typically a disc-shaped material with a high ε r value. This high ε r value provides a significant advantage, enabling the size of a circuit designed with a dielectric resonator to be significantly …
Pulsed vs. CW Signals: Both Loom on a Designer’s Radar
Jun 14, 2018 · A CW transmitter operates without interruption, as does its receiver. In contrast, a pulsed transmitter sends very short-duration signals that may even contain encoded information within the rise time of the pulsed signals.
Phased-Array Antenna Patterns (Part 3)—Linear-Array Beam ...
Aug 17, 2020 · Also note that for any of these cases, the beamwidth doubles at 60° offsets. This is from the cosθ in the denominator and is due to the foreshortening of the array; that is, the array appears to be a smaller cross-section when viewed from an angle.